The scientists analyzed biochar made from different organic materials to see how it affects soil. They looked at things like density, water retention, pH levels, and nutrient content. The biochar made from banana pseudostems had the lowest density and highest water holding capacity. All the biochar was alkaline and had good cation exchange capacity. The biochar from Limnocharis flava and banana pseudostems had the most nutrients. This shows that organic waste can be turned into biochar that can improve soil quality.