The researchers studied different ways of tilling the soil and applying nitrogen to maize and wheat crops to see how it affected energy use and efficiency of water and nitrogen. They found that zero tillage practices saved energy compared to conventional tillage, and using a combination of zero tillage for wheat and maize resulted in the highest energy-use efficiency. Applying 120 kg of nitrogen per hectare along with zero tillage practices was the best way to improve resource-use efficiency in the maize-wheat cropping system.