The study looked at CDM afforestation projects in Tanzania, Uganda, and Moldova to see if they were actually helping the environment. They found that the projects in Uganda and Moldova were likely making a real difference, but only a quarter of the Tanzania project's carbon credits were genuine. The rules for these projects don't account for changes in the environment over time, which can affect their effectiveness. The researchers suggest using a new approach that includes comparing project performance, managing risks, and involving donors in developing better guidelines for climate projects.