This article explores how spatial statistics can be applied to public health data. It discusses the importance of analyzing observational data, risk assessment, and epidemiological study designs. The researchers delve into spatial data components, sources, and challenges, including the use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS). They also cover visualizing spatial data through cartography and mapping techniques. The analysis of spatial point patterns, including different types of patterns and processes, is also examined. Key findings include the significance of standardized rates, the impact of bias in observational data analysis, and the use of GIS for spatial analysis in public health research.