In the study about trade and pollution in Norway, researchers looked at how opening up international trade affected the economy and the environment. They used a sophisticated model to compare what happened with trade reforms to a scenario without them. Surprisingly, even though the economy didn’t grow much, pollution increased a lot. This rise in pollution happened because people spent more on things that create pollution and worked less. What’s more, because of the trade changes, industries that make lots of pollution got stronger, leading to a shift toward dirtier energy sources. As a result, clean energy like hydropower became more expensive, making people use more dirty energy overall.