The article explores how unemployment and economic downturns happen due to a lack of demand for goods and services. It looks at ideas from Marx, Keynes, and Kalecki to understand these issues. Marx criticized the idea that supply creates its own demand, while Keynes focused on how not enough demand can lead to underemployment. Kalecki outlined how the overall economy works, and the article also discusses how modern economics deals with market structures. The researchers provide insights into how wages, prices, and income distribution affect the economy.