The article discusses different aspects of economics, including methodology, technology, political economics, and classical economic theories. It explores the history and vision in economics, the relationship between neoclassical economics and neo-Darwinism, and the impact of budget deficits on the US economy. The researchers also delve into the theories of Adam Smith, Ricardo, and Marx, examining their perspectives on growth, distribution, and justice. Additionally, contemporary economic theories are analyzed in light of classical perspectives. The main goal is to provide a comprehensive overview of various economic theories and their implications for understanding the world economy.