A study on managing perennial weeds and nitrogen leaching in crop systems found that using catch crops can reduce nitrate leaching but may increase perennial weeds like E. repens. Stubble cultivation can help control perennial weeds, especially after non-pulse crops. Catch crops are a better option for managing C. arvense compared to stubble cultivation. The study, conducted at three locations with different soil types and climates, showed that the choice of crop rotation and management practices can impact weed levels and nitrogen leaching in arable fields.