The EPA's contained-in rule requires managing soils and groundwater with hazardous waste until they are no longer hazardous, which can be expensive. However, some materials can be deemed non-hazardous through a risk-based assessment, saving costs. The EPA has not provided clear guidelines on determining when contained-in materials no longer contain hazardous waste. Despite delays, the EPA is unlikely to offer definitive guidance on managing these materials, focusing instead on broader waste classification. The CAMU rule helps manage remediation and investigation of wastes at certain facilities, exempting them from certain technology requirements and restrictions.