The article explores the ideas of Aristotle, Adam Smith, and Karl Marx on economic issues and their relevance in the 21st century. It discusses their views on exchange value, money, capital, character, government, and change. The researchers compare and contrast the perspectives of these thinkers and draw lessons for today. Key findings include insights on the role of money, character, and government in shaping economies, as well as the importance of understanding exchange value in the modern world.