The article discusses different aspects of classical micro- and macroeconomics, focusing on labor values, the labor theory of value, and the measurement of labor productivity. It also explores the relationship between technology assumptions and the energy requirements of commodities, as well as the theory of income distribution. The researchers analyze various models and theories to understand how economic systems function and evolve over time. Key findings include the importance of labor values in determining prices, the impact of technical change on productivity, and the role of competition in shaping economic outcomes.