This article explores various aspects of banking institutions, economic growth, inequality, and exchange rate economics in transition economies. The researchers investigate topics such as firm exchange rate exposure, monetary policy effects on house prices, and the relationship between banks and companies. They also analyze the impact of economic growth on reducing inequality in South Africa and the persistence of global bilateral investment holdings. Key findings include the significance of exchange rate volatility on firm exposure, the identification of different types of economic shocks, and the role of economic growth in reducing inequality. Additionally, the study examines China's exchange rate policy and its impact on international competitiveness.