Transport heavily relies on fossil fuels, which contribute to climate change and may soon run out. To reduce this dependence, Sweden is working on second-generation biofuels. These biofuels, like ethanol from forest residues and synthetic diesel from biomass, are more efficient and sustainable. Successful projects could lead to large-scale production of high-quality biofuels at reasonable costs. This approach, combined with more energy-efficient vehicles, could help reduce emissions and increase energy security.