The research looked at how small independent providers can help improve sanitation in poor urban areas. They found that these providers have the potential to increase access to better sanitation, but they need support in developing new technologies, creating a supportive environment, and generating demand. The study was done in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, and suggests that involving these providers in urban improvement programs could be beneficial. The findings also point to the need for further research on developing appropriate sanitation technology for low-income urban areas.