Coastal dunes on the Lincolnshire coast in the UK can form under different wind directions, not just onshore winds. By studying airflow patterns, researchers found that wind direction affects how sand moves and accumulates on the dunes. They developed a model that can predict changes in sand volume based on wind speed, direction, grain size, and other factors. Storm surges also play a role in shaping the dunes over time. Historical data shows that the dunes have been growing by about 2 meters per year for the past 120 years.