The study looked at how different ways of preparing soil for growing rice affect the soil and the rice yield. After two years, soil quality was worse with no-tillage, but the surface soil had more nutrients. However, deeper soil layers had fewer nutrients. No-tillage increased bacteria but reduced fungi and actinomyces. Rice yield was lower with no-tillage, but soil quality improved. Adding milk vetch and straw helped reduce the negative effects of no-tillage on rice yield.