Puddling before seeding and drainage after seeding affect the emergence and establishment of rice in flooded fields. Doing too much puddling can lead to uneven soil conditions, affecting water content and oxygen levels after seeding. Good drainage after seeding results in higher water content and lower oxygen diffusion rates, promoting better rice growth. Excessive puddling can reduce the number of rice seedlings and hinder their growth. To ensure successful rice emergence and growth, it is important to avoid excessive puddling and maintain even field conditions to prevent water stagnation.